From the People to the State: How the Centralization of Zakat Narrows Civil Participation
Keywords:
Zakat, Islamic legal politics, civil societyAbstract
This research investigates the Indonesian state’s approach to overseeing zakat collection and distribution by exploring the evolution of regulatory frameworks and their connection to governmental attempts at centralizing zakat administration. Unlike the varied zakat governance models found across other Islamic nations, Indonesia’s hands-on governmental role in zakat operations has generated resistance from Muslim civil society organizations. These religious communities oppose state intervention in zakat matters, viewing such involvement as incompatible with customary practices they maintained throughout the pre-independence era. Employing historical methodology and examining data through Fred W. Riggs’ prismatic law framework, this research reveals that authorities justify centralization as a means to enhance the efficient deployment of zakat resources. Nevertheless, such measures have inadvertently diminished Muslim community engagement in managing zakat according to their inherited traditions. Consequently, this research determines that governmental initiatives toward zakat management consolidation are misguided, as they disregard zakat practices deeply embedded within the historical and cultural fabric of Indonesia’s Islamic society.
References
Abubakar, I. (Ed.). (2006). Filantropi Islam & keadilan sosial: Studi tentang potensi, tradisi, dan pemanfaatan filantropi Islam di Indonesia (1st ed.). Jakarta: Center for the Study of Religion and Culture, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Ahmad Rofiq. (2015). Hukum perdata Islam di Indonesia (Rev. ed.). Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Alfitri. (2022). Islamic law and society in Indonesia: Corporate zakat norms and practices in Islamic banks. London: Routledge.
Ali, A. M. (1971). Alam fikiran Islam modern di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Nida.
Azra, A. (2006). Filantropi dalam sejarah Islam di Indonesia. In K. N. Aflah & M. N. Tajang (Eds.), Zakat dan peran negara (pp. 15-30). Jakarta: FOZ.
Bariyah, N. O. N. (2016). Dinamika aspek hukum zakat dan wakaf di Indonesia. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 16(2), 197-212.
BAZNAS. (2022). Laporan kinerja Januari-Juni tahun 2022. Jakarta: BAZNAS.
Baznas Bazis DKI Jakarta. (n.d.). Baznas Bazis DKI Jakarta. Retrieved May 4, 2023, from https://baznasbazisdki.id/sejarah
Bruinessen, M. van. (1994). NU: Tradisi, relasi-relasi kuasa, dan pencarian wacana baru (F. Wajdi, Ed.). Yogyakarta: LKIS-Pustaka Pelajar.
Bruinessen, M. van. (2009). Liberal and progressive voices in Indonesian Islam. In S. Hunter & S. T. Hunter (Eds.), Reformist voices of Islam: Mediating Islam and modernity (pp. 187-207). New York: Routledge.
Bruinessen, M. van. (2017). Prawacana: Globalisasi neoliberal dan kedermawanan Islam. In H. Latief (Ed.), Melayani umat: Filantropi Islam dan ideologi kesejahteraan kaum modernis (Rev. ed., pp. xvii-xviii). Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah.
Buletin Parlementaria. (2011). DPR setujui RUU zakat, infaq, dan shodaqoh (ZIS) menjadi undang-undang.
Commission VIII of the Indonesian House of Representatives. (2008). Draft bill of the Commission VIII of the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR RI) initiative on zakat management.
Daulay, S. P. (2020). Filsafat politik Melayu: Kajian filologis dan refleksi filosofis terhadap kitab Taj al-Salatin karya Bukhari al-Jauhari (1st ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Litera.
Director-General of Islamic Community Guidance and Directorate of Zakat Empowerment, Ministry of Religious Affairs. (2010). List of problem inventory for the draft law on amendments to Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning zakat management proposed by the government. Jakarta: Kementerian Agama.
Djatmiko, H. (2019). Re-formulation zakat system as tax reduction in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 9(1), 135-162. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v9i1.135-162
Ehrlich, E. (1936). Fundamental principles of the sociology of law (W. L. Moll, Trans.).
Emzaed, Ali Murtadho, Kamsi, K., & Lubis, A. A. A. M. R. (2020). A politics of recognition: The legislation of zakat law in a transition of New Order and reform era. Ulumuna, 24(2), 320-347. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v24i2.404
Faisal, F., Mukhlis, M., Jamaluddin, J., Manfarisyah, M., & Maghfirah, F. (2023). Strengthening zakat rules in Indonesia: A legal study of the law on the government of Aceh. Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam, 7(1), 126-145. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v7i1.13993
Fauzia, A. (2013a). Faith and state: A history of Islamic philanthropy in Indonesia. Leiden: Brill.
Fauzia, A. (2013b). Faith and the state: A history of Islamic philanthropy in Indonesia (Brill’s Southeast Asian Library). Leiden: Brill.
Fauzia, A. (2016). Filantropi Islam: Sejarah dan kontestasi masyarakat sipil dan negara di Indonesia (1st ed.). Yogyakarta: Gading Publishing.
Foucault, M. (2002). Archaeology of knowledge. London: Routledge Classics.
Gillssen, J., & Gorle, F. (2007). Historishe inleiding tot het rech. In F. Tenker (Ed.), Sejarah hukum (p. 23). Bandung: PT Refika Aditama.
Gobee, E., & Adriaanse, C. (1992). Nasihat-nasihat C. Snouck Hurgronje semasa kepegawaiannya kepada pemerintah Hindia Belanda 1889-1936 (Vol. 7). Jakarta: INIS.
Harun, N. (2010). Kami tidak berniat membubarkan LAZ. INFOZ.
Hefner, R. (2000). Civil Islam: Muslim and democratization in Indonesia. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Ichwan, M. N. (2006). Official reform of Islam: State Islam and the MORA in contemporary Indonesia 1966-2004 (Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit van Tilburg).
Jahar, A. S. (2006). The clash of Muslims and the state: Waqf and zakat in post-independence Indonesia. Studia Islamika, 13(3), 353-395. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v13i3.556
Jahar, A. S. (2019). Bureaucratizing sharia in modern Indonesia: The case of zakat, waqf and family law. Studia Islamika, 26(2), 207-245. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v26i2.7797
Kailani, N., & Slama, M. (2020). Accelerating Islamic charities in Indonesia: Zakat, sedekah and the immediacy of social media. South East Asia Research, 28(1), 70-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828X.2019.1691939
Kryger, M. (1986). Law as tradition. Journal of Law and Philosophy, 5(2), 240.
Kusumaatmadja, M. (2002). Konsep-konsep hukum dalam pembangunan. Bandung: PT Alumni.
Latief, H. (2013). Politik filantropi Islam di Indonesia: Negara, pasar, dan masyarakat sipil. Yogyakarta: Ombak.
Latief, H. (2014). Contesting almsgiving in post-New Order Indonesia. American Journal of Islam and Society, 31(1), 16-50. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i1.292
Latief, H. (2016). Philanthropy and ‘Muslim citizenship’ in post-Suharto Indonesia. Southeast Asian Studies, 5(2), 269-286. https://doi.org/10.20495/seas.5.2_269
Latief, H. (2017). Melayani umat: Filantropi Islam dan ideologi kesejahteraan kaum modernis. Yogyakarta: Suara Muhammadiyah.
Latif, Y. (2017). Negara paripurna: Historisitas, rasionalitas, dan aktualitas Pancasil (6th ed.). Jakarta: PT Gramedia.
Lazismu. (n.d.). Latar belakang. Retrieved May 4, 2023, from https://lazismu.org/view/latarbelakang
Lukito, R. (2008). Tradisi hukum Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Teras.
Ma’arif, A. S. (2009). Islam dalam bingkai keidonesiaan dan kemanusiaan: Sebuah refleksi sejarah. Bandung: Mizan.
Ministry of Religion. (2011, June 16). Minutes of the working committee meeting for the draft law on zakat, infaq, and sadaqah.
Nakamura, M. (1983). The crescent arises over the banyan tree: A study of the Muhammadiyah movement in a central Javanese town. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
Noer, D. (1982). Gerakan modern Islam di Indonesia 1900-1942. Jakarta: LP3ES.
NU Care-LAZISNU. (n.d.). Sekilas NU Care-LAZISNU. Retrieved May 4, 2023, from https://nucare.id/sekilas_nu
Nurlaelawati, E. (2010). Zakat and the concept of ownership in Islam: Yusuf Qaradawi’s perspective on Islamic economics. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 48(2), 365-385. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2010.482.365-385
Syahroni, O., et al. (2019). Fikih zakat kontemporer. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
Puslitbang dan Dokumentasi Suara Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. (1355 H). Laporan keuangan pengurus pusat Muhammadiyah tahun 1934. Suara Muhammadiyah, 4.
Reglement Moehammadijah penolong kesengsaraan oemoen (PKO) Hindia Timoer di Djokjakarta. (n.d.). Yogyakarta: Persatoean Moehammadijah.
Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). Sejarah Indonesia modern 1200-2008. Jakarta: Serambi Ilmu Semesta.
Riggs, F. W. (1958). Administration in developing countries: The theory of prismatic society. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Salim, A. (2006). The influential legacy of Dutch Islamic policy on the formation of zakat (alms) law in modern Indonesia. Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 15(3), 683-701.
Salim, A. (2008). Challenging the secular state: The Islamization of law in modern Indonesia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Setjen DPR. (n.d.). Legislator dukung revisi UU pengelolaan zakat masuk prolegnas. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from http://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/26654
Sudjiman, P. H. M. (1986). Adat raja-raja Melayu. Jakarta: UI Press.
Susilowati, D., & Setyorini, C. T. (2018). Efektivitas tata kelola dana zakat. Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, 9(2), 346-364. https://doi.org/10.18202/jamal.2018.04.9021
Syahbandir, M., Alqarni, W., Abbas, S., Ali, B., & Samad, F. (2022). State and Islamic law: A study of legal politics on zakat as a tax deduction in Aceh. AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, 22(1), 161-184.
The decision of the Indonesian Constitutional Court No. 86/PUU-X/2012. (2013, October 31).
Tulus, H. (2003, April 25). Amendemen undang-undang no. 38 tahun 1999 tentang pengelolaan zakat: Tinjauan konstitusi kaitannya dengan badan amil zakat dan lembaga amil zakat. The 3rd Congress of the Zakat Forum (FOZ).
Wibisono, Y. (2015). Mengelola zakat Indonesia: Diskursus pengelolaan zakat nasional dari rezim undang-undang no. 38 tahun 1999 ke rezim undang-undang no. 23 tahun 2011 (1st ed.). Jakarta: Kencana.
Widyawati. (2011). Filantropi Islam dan kebijakan negara pasca-Orde Baru: Studi tentang undang-undang zakat dan undang-undang wakaf UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta (Doctoral dissertation, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta).
Zakat Management Law No. 23 of 2011. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2024, from http://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/39267/uu-no-23-tahun-2011
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Journal of Islamic Law
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
